Friday, June 21, 2013

ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT 9 Lasers



LASERS
Laser light is a part of the light spectrum which has been collimated and made coherent so that the waves travel in the same direction in parallel. This beam now carries laser energy measured in Joules and the energy delivered is proportionate to the exposure measured in seconds. The principle of laser generation has been shown in the figures above. New laser systems have been introduced into use. The five components of a system are:
•     Laser head
•     Excitation source
•     Ancillary components
•     Control panel
•     Delivery system.
      The Table 2.1 summarises the characteristics of those in use in surgery.
•     A laser is an instrument equipped to produce a parallel beam of high intensity light which can be focussed on a very small spot 
•     The development of surgical lasers during the last decade has made a significant contribution to microsurgery
•     Used with an operating microscopes or fiberscopes a wide range of microsurgical procedures have now become possible, for example:
      a.   Sutureless microvascular anastomosis.
      b.   Excision of the posterior capsule of the lens through the transparent cornea.
      c.   Coagulation of bleeding peptic ulcers using a flexible gastroscope.
•     In laser surgery, the light beam heats the target tissue and causes:
      a.   Thermal tissue destruction.
      b.   First with local edema.
      c.   Then denaturation of protein.
      d.   Contraction of tissue due to alteration of fibrous tissue protein.
      e.   And finally boiling of cell water and vaporization.
      f.    Generally, low energy exposure results in coagulation of blood vessel.
      g.   Higher energy exposure produces a precise incision by vaporization of the tissue at the focal point.
            It is important that eye protection be worn during procedures

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