INFECTION CONTROL 2

Aseptic Technique

Entering the Theater

Entry to the theater should be limited to the surgical team and the OT staff only.

 Visitors if allowed should conform to the same rules listed below:

•     Those that enter the theater must change, in the changing room into OT shoes and OT suit

•     Masks and caps must be worn before entering OT and gowning

•     All these items must be available in the changing rooms.

Theater Rules

The air in the OT is clean and filtered. This is required since surgical wounds are open to the air in the OT.

      It is desirable that the minimum number of people should be in the operating theater, to provide safe and efficient management of the patient. The bacteriological count in theater is related to the number of persons and their movement in the operating room. These rules of entry limits the infection rate.

      Visitors may not be allowed to enter restricted areas and watch the procedure from a visitors gallery

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INFECTION CONTROL

INFECTION CONTROL

Infection will occur if high standards of preoperative, intra-operative, and postoperative rules are not observed in relation to the care of instruments and patients.

If there is any break of these rules by the surgical team infection in surgical patients will occur..

Mechanism

The occurrence of infection and cross-infection will rise, produc­ing anything from minor wound infections to a major disaster (tetanus) thus standing rules and procedures need to be defined by hospital Infection Control Committees (ICC) and observed by the surgical teams.

      The infection control committee, usually headed by a physician, infection control nurse, or nurse epidemiologist. Following the standards set by the ICC, it provides the hospital with an effective program with the following goals:

•     Investigate and identify source of the infection in each case. The source may be a person, a patient or an employee or may be the practice of one or more employees of poor aseptic technique, or a team member may be harboring a specific disease organism that is transmitted to the patients in his or her care.

•     To identify need for change in rule book to prevent a future outbreak

•           Provide effective isolation of infected patients.

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OT UPGRDE referral hopital

Infection Control, Sterilization and Care of Surgical Instruments

VENTILATION of OT

The ventilation system has a very large part to play in limiting infection.

 The temperature at 68 to 70°F (20-23°C) with a humidity of 30 to 60 percent. This reduces bacterial growth and static electricity.

Each OT should have independent temperature controls.

Air flow should be filtered through high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) system with 15 air exchange per hour at least three must be fresh air. Air enters the OT through vents in the ceiling and leaves through vents near the floor.

There must be a positive pressure in the OT compared to wash rooms, utility rooms and corridors.

The air ventilation system must have a routine for inspection and maintenance including change of filters

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Otmanage upgrade to referral HOSPITAL

WE embark on a fresh endevour to upgrade OTMANAGE to the level of a Referral hospital
begining with the facilities in the Operating rooms.

Infection Control, Sterilization and Care of Surgical Instruments

VENTILATION of OT

The ventilation system has a very large part to play in limiting infection. 
The temperature at 68 to 70°F (20-23°C) with a humidity of 30 to 60 percent. 
This reduces bacterial growth and static electricity. Each OT should have independent temperature controls.

Air flow should be filtered through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) system with 15 air exchange per hour at least three must be fresh air. 
Air enters the OT through vents in the ceiling and leaves through vents near the floor.

There must be a positive pressure in the OT compared to wash rooms, utility rooms and corridors.

The air ventilation system must have a routine for inspection and maintenance including change of filters.

Any questions be sent to drmmkapur@gmail.com

All posts are stored in archives for access and review.

Visitors that follow may post contributions to the site

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PROCEDURE EPIDURAL 1

EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA

Objectives

· To provide anesthesia for procedures and surgical inter­ventions (i.e., urological, gynecological, obstetrics, abdominal and orthopedic surgeries) by introducing local anesthesia into the epidural space.

· This technique is also used for providing postoperative analgesia.

· Written consent for procedure is required.

Position

Same as for spinal anesthesia.

Premedication

• Oral premedication given.

Procedure

1. Procedure explained to the patient.

2. On a tiltable table.

   3. Performed at any level of spinal cord according to the desired level of analgesia.

   4. Thoracic, lumbar or caudal epidural practiced.

   5. The duration of action can be prolonged by intermittent

       injections through an epidural catheter.

   6. Epidural needles are thick and curved tips (16, 18, 20 G)

   7. Intravenous line started.

   8. Patient attached to ECG, Sp0₂ and NIBP monitor.

   9. Scrub and wear sterile gown and gloves.

  10. Check the epidural set on the sterile trolley for the items required, proper size needle and catheter;           proper fitting of syringe into the hub of epidural needle.

  11. Fill in a 20 ml syringe the local anesthesia to be injected into the epidural space.

  12. Read the label of drug vial carefully for the name,percentage, baricity, expiry date. Confirm it with       assistant.

13. Local anesthetic to be used for skin infiltration taken into a

2 ml syringe (2 cc. 2% xylocaine)

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ANESTHESIA Procedure 1 2+3 INSTRUMENTS

Equipments Required for Tracheal Intubation

Intubation tray

· Laryngoscope and blades.

· Tracheal tube (Correct size, a size smaller and a size bigger).

· Tracheal tube connector.

· Stillete

· Magill's forceps.

· Gum elastic bougies, Size : 6 mm.

· 10 ml cuff inflating syringe.

· Plastic clamp.

· Securing tape/adhesive.

· Catheter mount.

· Local spray (4% Lignocaine).

· Lubricant anesthetic jelly.

· Sterile throat packs, gauze piece.

· Anesthesia machine and breathing system, face masks, oropharynx and nasopharyngeal airway.

Checkingthe tube position Position of the tracheal tube is checked for correct placement in trachea:

· By watching the chest movements on manual ventilation.

· Auscultating the chest for breath sounds.

· End tidal C0₂ value if it is attached to a capnometer.

· Compliance of the reservior bag.

· Opacification of the transparent tube during exhalation and normal oxygen saturation.

Fixing the tube The tube is attached to facial skin by adhesive tape which encircles the tube or using a cotton tape which encircles the head.

 

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Nasal tracheal Intubation procedure 3

Tracheal Intubation

Follows 1V induction of anesthesia in cases of GA

Emergency intubation is another reason for Nasal intubation.

Objectives

· To ensure a clear airway for anesthetized patients.

· To protect airway from regurgitation and aspiration.

· To aid and assist in control of ventilation when muscle relaxants are used.

· To facilitate suction of respiratory tract.

· To prevent collapse of lungs in thoracic operations.

   NASAL INTUBATION is also used in cases where surgery is required in the oral cavity
   and the pharynx

Position for Laryngoscope and Intubation

· Supine.

· Flexion of the head at the neck and extension of the head at the atlanto-occipital level, the so called‘sniffing’ position.

· The head is elevated placing a low pillow or ring Oral cavity axis (OA); Pharyngeal axis (PA) and laryngeal axis (LA) are different. In this all three axis brings into alignment position and vocal cords will be viewed best with laryngoscope.

Procedure

· Awake intubation in neonates sometimes.

· Emergency awake intubation in adults when airway is compromised.

· Adequate anesthesia and muscle relaxation is the usual technique.

· After 1V or inhalational induction of anesthesia, short acting depolarizing muscle relaxant, Suxamethonium (Scoline) (! To 1.5 mg/kg) or non-depolarising relaxant 1V given.

· Assited ventilation is maintained via mask with 100% O_{2 or} with 50% N₂O in Oxygen till the muscle relaxation occurs and then tracheal intubation is performed.

· Handle of the laryngoscope held in the left hand.

· The laryngoscope blade is inserted between the teeth at the right side of the mouth and the tongue is displaced on the left side.

· The blade is advanced until the epiglottis comes into view and then lifts it upwards.

· The vocal cords will b identified. If they are not seen, an assistant is asked to push downward on the larynx.
In oral surgery the pharynx needs to be packed with  ribbon gauge to prevent aspiration
of blood. 

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